Recall that quasi-compact schemes contain closed points- in fact, every closed subset of a quasi-compact scheme has closed point. In particular, every x \in X is the generalization of some closed point, so any covering of the closed points must also be a cover of X. Thus to check if an open property holds for all points of X, it suffices to check if it holds for all closed points of X.
How about for properties P that are not open?
Strategy 1.
Proof.
If this is true then we have a descending sequence
\overline{\{x_1\}} \supsetneq \overline{\{x_2\}} \supsetneq \overline{\{x_3\}} \supsetneq \overline{\{x_4\}} \overline \cdots.
On each affine piece, the sequence terminates as affine schemes are Noetherian. As X as finitely many affine pieces, the sequence terminates in X also. Thus there is \overline{\{x\}} which contains no non-P point other than x. Thus x must be a closed point. (Contradiction)
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Strategy 2.
Proof. Let x \in X. Then \overline{\{x\}} contains a closed point y. Let U= \text{Spec} A be an affine neighborhood of y. Then U must contains X as y is in the closure of x. Thus we have \mathbb{V}(\mathfrak{p}_x) \ni \mathfrak{p}_y so \mathfrak{p}_y \supset \mathfrak{p}_x so we have a localization map
A_{\mathfrak{p}_y} \to A_{\mathfrak{p}_x}.
As A_{\mathfrak{p}_y} has property P and P is compatible with localization, we have A_{\mathfrak{p}_x} also has P.
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Example.
(Note: reducedness is a stalk local property. A scheme is reduced, i.e. its rings of sections are reduced, iff its stalks are all reduced).
Proof. Here we do not need to show that reduced-ness is an open condition (NOT true in general). Rather we see that reducedness is compatible with localization (inverting elements cannot create nilpotents) so we can use strategy 2.
How about for properties P that are not open?
Strategy 1.
Suppose P is a property such that
for every x not satisfying P, \overline{\{x\}} contains another point not satisfying P.
Then P holds for all x \in X iff P holds for all closed points of X.
for every x not satisfying P, \overline{\{x\}} contains another point not satisfying P.
Then P holds for all x \in X iff P holds for all closed points of X.
Proof.
If this is true then we have a descending sequence
\overline{\{x_1\}} \supsetneq \overline{\{x_2\}} \supsetneq \overline{\{x_3\}} \supsetneq \overline{\{x_4\}} \overline \cdots.
On each affine piece, the sequence terminates as affine schemes are Noetherian. As X as finitely many affine pieces, the sequence terminates in X also. Thus there is \overline{\{x\}} which contains no non-P point other than x. Thus x must be a closed point. (Contradiction)
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Strategy 2.
Suppose P is a property (of rings) such that if A satisfies P then S^{-1}A satisfies P (for every multiplicatively closed subset S\subset A not containing 0). Then P holds for (the stalk of) all x \in X iff P holds for all closed points of X.
Proof. Let x \in X. Then \overline{\{x\}} contains a closed point y. Let U= \text{Spec} A be an affine neighborhood of y. Then U must contains X as y is in the closure of x. Thus we have \mathbb{V}(\mathfrak{p}_x) \ni \mathfrak{p}_y so \mathfrak{p}_y \supset \mathfrak{p}_x so we have a localization map
A_{\mathfrak{p}_y} \to A_{\mathfrak{p}_x}.
As A_{\mathfrak{p}_y} has property P and P is compatible with localization, we have A_{\mathfrak{p}_x} also has P.
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Example.
If X is a quasi-compact space that is reduced at closed points, then it is reduced everywhere.
(Note: reducedness is a stalk local property. A scheme is reduced, i.e. its rings of sections are reduced, iff its stalks are all reduced).
Proof. Here we do not need to show that reduced-ness is an open condition (NOT true in general). Rather we see that reducedness is compatible with localization (inverting elements cannot create nilpotents) so we can use strategy 2.
Hi! In the proof of Strategy 2 it should be "Then U must contains x as y is in the closure of x".
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